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| Focusing on optimum sensitivity and reproducibility of biosensors the PAMELA project developed innovative surface chemistry that is based on Self Assembled Mono-layers (SAMs). One of the key objectives was to generate a biosensor of extremely high sensitivity in the order of 4ng/ml blood. This would provide the competitive edge to the biosensor industry and a lot of advantages in the area of immunodiagnostic testing. The aim for increased sensitivity in biosensor measurements was not the only factor that affected the design of the biosensor transducer surfaces. The emerging needs for increasing miniaturisation of biosensor transducers along their active areas brought new requirements as well. Moreover, a common issue that remained to be resolved was the stability and reproducibility under different conditions of application for the biosensor interface. This is the interface between the inorganic transducer surface and the biological affinity elements. Therefore, special attention was given to the process of coupling biomolecules to transducer surfaces. Challenged by these, controlled thin film structures were prepared, which allowed the bio-affinity elements to be properly arranged and highly organised offering reproducible and controlled geometric surroundings. Using the Self Assembled Mono-layers (SAMs) methodology, the novel surface chemistry dealt with the covalent attachment of antibodies on metal (mainly Au) and on oxide surfaces (mainly SiO2 and Ta2O5). The transducer surfaces of the affinity-based biosensors were made of metals and/or oxide materials. By depositing mixed SAMs of thiol compounds on clean gold bio-reactive gold surfaces were realised. The two types of thiol used compensated for the attachment of the receptor molecules (the antibodies) and the minimisation of the non-specific adsorption of undesired bio-species. This unique surface chemistry for enhanced biosensor performance allows a highly specific interaction of the analyte with the immo |
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