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| The wide use of public key cryptography requires the ability to verify the authenticity of public keys. This is achieved through the use of a certificate system. A certificate is a signed message that assigns properties to a public key.Certificates are issued by an off-line trusted certificate authority (CA). The CA may later revoke a certificate (prior to its expiration date) for various reasons. Thus, the existence of a certificate is not enough and a mechanism for on-line checking whether it was revoked or not is needed. To enable this check, another authority is used - a directory. The directory is an on-line non-trusted authority that answers queries on certificates. To compensate for it being non-trusted, the directory supplies a proof for the correctness of its answer.Current solutions for the certificate revocation problem are not efficient enough for extensive use mainly due to their high CA-to-directory or directory-to-user communication costs. These costs restrict the update rate of the systems. This technology constructs an authenticated dictionary - a data structure that supports insert/delete and query operations (as a regular dictionary), along with authenticated queries, where each answer obtained from the dictionary is supplemented by a proof for its correctness. The authenticated dictionary is a combination of a hash tree and a search tree, enabling efficient updates (and thus low CA-to-directory communication and high update rates) and low directory-to-user communication.The technology also constructed a certificate update scheme without a directory. In this scheme, the CA publishes a single message with which users may update their (non-revoked) certificates. These messages may be stored in local caches (which may be computationally weaker and have a smaller memory with respect to a directory) so that users do not have to be constantly aware of the changes, and update their certificates when needed.memory authenticated search tree serves authenticating membership non items set nodes leaves associated scheme dynamic values cryptographic hash function children root digital signature |
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